Balaena

Balaena; Temporal range: Miocene–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Balaena mysticetus Illustration based on recovered fossils
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Infraorder:	Cetacea
Family:	Balaenidae
Genus:	Balaena; Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
	B. mysticetus; Linnaeus, 1758
Species
	B. mysticetus – Bowhead whale
Synonyms
	Balena Scopoli, 1777; Leiobalaena Eschricht, 1849;

Balaena is a genus of cetacean (whale) in the family Balaenidae. Balaena is considered a monotypic genus, as it has only a single extant species, the bowhead whale (B. mysticetus). It was named in 1758 by Linnaeus, who at the time considered all of the right whales (and the bowhead) as a single species. Historically, both the family Balaenidae and genus Balaena were known by the common name, "right whales", however Balaena are now known as bowhead whales.^[1]

Throughout history, the family Balaenidae has been the subject of great taxonomic debate. Authorities have repeatedly recategorized the three populations of right whale plus the bowhead whale, as one, two, three or four species, either in a single genus or in two separate genera. In the early whaling days, they were all thought to be a single species, Balaena mysticetus. Eventually, it was recognized that bowheads and right whales were in fact different. Later, morphological factors such as differences in the skull shape of northern and southern right whales indicated at least two species of right whale—one in the Northern Hemisphere, the other in the Southern Ocean.^[2] As recently as 1998, Dale Rice, in his comprehensive and otherwise authoritative classification, Marine mammals of the world: systematics and distribution, listed just two species: Balaena glacialis (the right whales) and Balaena mysticetus (the bowheads).^[3]

A DNA study by Rosenbaum in 2000, and another study by Churchill in 2007 finally provided clear evidence to conclude that the three living right whale species do comprise a phylogenetic lineage, distinct from the bowhead, and that the bowhead and the right whales are rightly classified into two separate genera.^[4] The right whales, therefore, are now officially in the genus Eubalaena.

The fossil record of Balaena, dating to the late Miocene, encompasses ten species known from finds in Europe, North America, and South America.^[5] Balena, described by Scopoli in 1777, and Leiobalaena, described by Eschricht in 1849, are junior synonyms of Balaena.

Taxonomy

Balaena Bowhead whales
- † Balaena affinis (Pliocene; Red Crag Formation, UK)
- † Balaena montalionis (Piacenzian; Casina, Italy).
- Balaena mysticetus, Bowhead whale (Late Pleistocene to Modern)
- † Balaena ricei (Piacenzian; Rice's Pit, Yorktown Formation, Virginia, USA).

Dubious species

† Balaena arcuata (Miocene/Pliocene; Belgium)
† Balaena forsythmajori (Zanclean; Case il Poggio. Italy)
† Balaena larteti (Neogene; Landes, France)
† Balaena macrocephalus (Langhian; Sos, France)
† Balaena simpsoni (Miocene/Pliocene; Ancud, Chile) (possibly a member of Neobalaenidae^[6])

Species inquirenda

† Balaena pampaea (Calabrian; Pampeana Formation, Bahía Blanca, Argentina)

† = extinct species

Family Balaenidae

Eubalaena (right whales)

E. glacialis North Atlantic right whale

	E. japonica North Pacific right whale

	E. australis Southern right whale

Balaena (bowhead whales)

B. mysticetus bowhead whale

The bowhead whale, genus Balaena, in the family Balaenidae (extant taxa only)^[7]

References

^ Reilly, S.B.; Bannister, J.L.; Best, P.B.; Brown, M.; Brownell Jr., R.L.; Butterworth, D.S.; Clapham, P.J.; Cooke, J.; Donovan, G.; Urbán, J. & Zerbini, A.N. (2012). "Balaena mysticetus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T2467A17879018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T2467A17879018.en. "The taxonomy is not in doubt.... Concerning common names, the species was once commonly known in the North Atlantic and adjacent Arctic as the Greenland Right Whale. However, the common name Bowhead Whale is now generally used for the species."
^ Müller, J. (1954). "Observations of the orbital region of the skull of the Mystacoceti" (PDF). Zoologische Mededelingen. 32: 239–90.
^ Rice, Dale W. (1998). Marine mammals of the world: systematics and distribution. Society of Marine Mammalogy, Special Publication No. 4. ISBN 1891276034.
^ Kenney, Robert D. (2008). "Right Whales (Eubalaena glacialis, E. japonica, and E. australis)". In Perrin, W. F.; Wursig, B.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. pp. 962–69. ISBN 978-0-12-373553-9. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
^ The Paleobiology Database Balaena entry accessed on 21 December 2010
^ R. Donoso-Barros. 1975. Contribucion al conocimiento de los cetaceos vivientes y fosiles del territorio de Chile. Gayana Zoologica 36:1-127
^ Rosenbaum, H. C.; R. L. Brownell Jr.; M. W. Brown; C. Schaeff; V. Portway; B. N. White; S. Malik; L. A. Pastene; N. J. Patenaude; C. S. Baker; M. Goto; P. Best; P. J. Clapham; P. Hamilton; M. Moore; R. Payne; V. Rowntree; C. T. Tynan; J. L. Bannister & R. Desalle (2000). "World-wide genetic differentiation of Eubalaena: Questioning the number of right whale species" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 9 (11): 1793–802. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01066.x. PMID 11091315. S2CID 7166876.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[iucn-bowhead-1] Reilly, S.B.; Bannister, J.L.; Best, P.B.; Brown, M.; Brownell Jr., R.L.; Butterworth, D.S.; Clapham, P.J.; Cooke, J.; Donovan, G.; Urbán, J. & Zerbini, A.N. (2012). "Balaena mysticetus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T2467A17879018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T2467A17879018.en. "The taxonomy is not in doubt.... Concerning common names, the species was once commonly known in the North Atlantic and adjacent Arctic as the Greenland Right Whale. However, the common name Bowhead Whale is now generally used for the species."

[Muller-2] Müller, J. (1954). "Observations of the orbital region of the skull of the Mystacoceti" (PDF). Zoologische Mededelingen. 32: 239–90.

[3] Rice, Dale W. (1998). Marine mammals of the world: systematics and distribution. Society of Marine Mammalogy, Special Publication No. 4. ISBN 1891276034.

[PerrinWursig2008-4] Kenney, Robert D. (2008). "Right Whales (Eubalaena glacialis, E. japonica, and E. australis)". In Perrin, W. F.; Wursig, B.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. pp. 962–69. ISBN 978-0-12-373553-9. Retrieved 20 May 2012.

[TPBDB-5] The Paleobiology Database Balaena entry accessed on 21 December 2010

[6] R. Donoso-Barros. 1975. Contribucion al conocimiento de los cetaceos vivientes y fosiles del territorio de Chile. Gayana Zoologica 36:1-127

[Rosenbaum-7] Rosenbaum, H. C.; R. L. Brownell Jr.; M. W. Brown; C. Schaeff; V. Portway; B. N. White; S. Malik; L. A. Pastene; N. J. Patenaude; C. S. Baker; M. Goto; P. Best; P. J. Clapham; P. Hamilton; M. Moore; R. Payne; V. Rowntree; C. T. Tynan; J. L. Bannister & R. Desalle (2000). "World-wide genetic differentiation of Eubalaena: Questioning the number of right whale species" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 9 (11): 1793–802. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01066.x. PMID 11091315. S2CID 7166876.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

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