Television in South Korea
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In South Korea, there are a number of national television networks, the three largest of which are KBS, MBC, and SBS. Most of the major television studios are located on Yeouido and Sangam-dong, Seoul. South Korea became the fourth adopter in Asia when television broadcasting began on 12 May 1956 with the opening of HLKZ-TV, a commercially operated television station. HLKZ-TV was established by the RCA Distribution Company (KORCAD) in Seoul with 186–192 MHz, 100-watt output, and 525 scanning lines.[1]
Important genres of television shows include serial dramas, historical dramas, variety shows, game shows, news programs, and documentaries. All three networks have produced increasingly lavish historical dramas in recent years. Some South Korean television programs are available on satellite and multicultural channels in foreign countries. South Korean television dramas have been widely popular in other East Asian, South Asian and Southeast Asian countries, and became popularized internationally at a later stage, with whole sets of videotapes or DVDs of series available with completed subtitles in different languages, online subtitle websites are also created by numerous fan clubs to cater to a global audience. Shopping channels have become quite popular in recent years as well, and the models sometimes put on entertaining acts during product pitches.
Most cable operators in South Korea were consolidated into 3 major telecommunication companies, KT, SK Telecom, and LG Uplus. They also operates Internet Protocol television services. There are approximately 14 million cable TV subscribers nationwide. The cable operator provides TPS to its subscribers. (with the exception of Arirang which is free).
History
[edit]Since the beginning of the 1950s, television was introduced to Korea by RCA to sell second-hand black & white TV sets as a marketing scheme. Some TV sets were strategically set up at Pagoda Park, others at the Seoul Station and Gwanghwamun during this time.[2] However it was not until 1956 when South Korea began its own television broadcasting station, the HLKZ-TV, part of the KORCAD (RCA Distribution Company). The first ever Korean television drama, 천국의 문 (The Gates of Heaven) debuted the same year, planning director Choi Chang-Bong spent two and a half months continuously fixing the script, preparing sets and even the first instance of special effects, all for a drama that lasted no longer than fifteen minutes.
The early 1960s saw a phenomenal growth in television broadcasting. On 1 October 1961 the first full-scale television station, HLKA-TV (now known as KBS 1TV), was established and began operation under the Ministry of Culture and Public Information.
Following KBS was Tongyang Broadcasting Corporation's TBC-TV which was launched in 1964, and ran until merged in 1980. It was the first private television network in South Korea.
The second commercial television system, MBC-TV, made its debut in 1969. The advent of MBC-TV brought significant development to the television industry in Korea and after 1969 the television industry was characterized by furious competition among the three networks.
The 1970s were highlighted by government intervention into the media system in Korea. In 1972, President Park Chung Hee government imposed censorship upon media through the Martial Law Decree. The government revised the Broadcasting Law under the pretext of improving the quality of television programming. After the revision of the law, the government expanded its control of media content by requiring all television and radio stations to review programming before and after transmission. Although the government argued that its action was taken as a result of growing public criticism of broadcasting media practices, many accused the government of wanting to establish a monopoly over television broadcasting.
The 1980s were the golden years for South Korea's television industry. Growth was phenomenal in every dimension: the number of programming hours per week rose from 56 in 1979 to nearly 88.5 in 1989; the number of television stations increased from 12 in 1979 to 78 by 1989; and the number of television sets grew from four million in 1979 to nearly six million in the same period. Despite producing color televisions for export, color television was not officially introduced in the country until late 1980.[3] Color broadcasting, however, occasioned a renewal of strong competition among the networks. However, the South Korean TV industry was also suffered huge blows in this decade. During Chun Doo-hwan's regime, several newspapers, broadcasters and publications were forcibly closed, or were merged into a single organization. One of which is TBC-TV which was awarded to KBS. TBC-TV was then replaced by KBS 2TV. After the country's 1987 democratic reforms, several regulations were imposed to insulate broadcasters from political influence. For example, the National Assembly established the Foundation for Broadcast Culture to insulate MBC from political influence and KBS.
At the beginning of the 1990s, with the introduction of cable television, the government initiated an experimental multi-channel and multi-purpose cable television service. In addition, South Korea launched its first broadcasting/communication satellite, Mugungwha 1, to 36,000 km above the equator in 1995. The development of an integrated broadband network is expected to take the form of B-ISDN immediately after the turn of the century. This decade is a period of great technological change in the South Korean broadcasting industry, which will make broadcasting media even more important than in the past. In this decade the South Korean broadcasting industry will maximize the service with new technological developments such as DBS, satellites, and interactive cable systems, all of which will allow South Korea to participate fully in the information society.
On 22 July 2009, after heated political debates, amendment of the Media law passed the South Korean national assembly to deregulate the media market of South Korea. On 31 December 2010, four general Cable Television networks were licensed.
All analog broadcastings officially full-time completely turn off on New Year's Eve (31 December) 2012 at 03:59:59 KST (UTC+9) for all nationwide (including Seoul Capital Area such as Seoul, Gyeonggi Province and Incheon) so all analog broadcastings officially full-time completely turn off on same time. On New Year's Eve (31 December) 2012 at 04:00:00 KST (UTC+9), the digital terrestrial television of the South Korea fully turned, shifted and switched to all full ultra high definition for all nationwide (including Seoul Capital Area such as Seoul, Gyeonggi Province and Incheon).
National networks
[edit]In South Korea, there are four nationwide free-to-air terrestrial television networks, three general networks and one educational network as follows:
| Name | Channels (Seoul Capital Area) |
Channels (Busan region) |
Channels (Jeju region) |
Launch | Type & Owner |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) 한국방송공사 韓國放送公社 |
|
|
|
|
Public broadcasting Government of South Korea |
| Educational Broadcasting System (EBS) 한국교육방송공사 韓國敎育放送公社 |
Public broadcasting Government of South Korea | ||||
| Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) MBC 네트워크 株式會社文化放送 |
|
|
|
|
Public/Commercial broadcasting The Foundation of Broadcast Culture The Jeongsu Scholarship Foundation |
| Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS Network) 한국민영방송연합 (SBS네트워크) |
|
|
|
20 March 1991 | Commercial broadcasting Seoul Broadcasting System (Taeyoung Group) |
| YTN DMB Network YTN DMB 네트워크 |
|
|
1 December 2005 | Commercial broadcasting YTN Group |
List of television channels
[edit]All of them are free-to-air channels. Furthermore, all of them are the official digital terrestrial television and ATSC providers of the nation (since 2005, approved by the Korean Government).
Public broadcasting channels
[edit]| Name | Owner | Launch | Genre | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KBS1 | Korean Broadcasting System | 1 October 1961 | News, drama, culture, kids and sports | The channel's callsign is HLKA-DTV and HLKA-UHDTV. |
| KBS2 | Korean Broadcasting System | 1 December 1964 | Variety, sports and entertainment | Formerly known as TBC, renamed to KBS 2TV in 1980. The channel's callsign is HLSA-DTV. |
| KBS News D | Korean Broadcasting System | 19 July 2021 | News, live events, emergency alerts | ATSC 3.0 only channel, broadcasting in HD format. The channel's callsign is HLKA-UHDTV. |
| EBS1 | Educational Broadcasting System | 27 December 1990 | Education, News, Kids Entertainment | Formerly known as KBS 3TV, renamed to EBS in 1990. The channel's callsign is HLQL-DTV. |
| EBS2 | Educational Broadcasting System | 11 February 2015 | Education | ATSC 3.0 only channel, broadcasting in HD format. The channel's callsign is HLQL-DTV. |
| MBC TV | Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation | 8 August 1969 | News and entertainment | The Channel's callsign is HLKV-DTV and HLKV-UHDTV. |
Commercial broadcasting channels
[edit]In South Korea, many commercial television networks have been created after the deregulation taken in 1961 till 1990.[4] SBS is responsible in distributing its programming content nationally, but is not responsible for producing local content aired by their affiliates.
MBC Networks Channel
[edit]Local broadcasting companies affiliated with MBC Networks originally started as affiliated broadcasting stations in the same way as SBS Networks.
After Policy for Merger and Abolition of the Press, Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation took over 50% of the shares in local broadcasting stations, and all local broadcasting stations became subsidiaries of Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation.
Due to this background, MBC Networks is currently operating simultaneously with the characteristics of public broadcasting and commercial broadcasting.
| Name | Owner | Launch | Covers | Genre | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MBC TV | Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation | 1 August 1969 | Seoul Capital Area | City news and entertainment | The Channel's callsign is HLKV-DTV and HLKV-UHDTV. MBC Network Headquarters |
| Chuncheon MBC TV | Chuncheon Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation | 20 January 1983 | Northern Yeongseo | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLAN-DTV. |
| Wonju MBC TV | Wonju Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation | 26 November 1987 | Southern Yeongseo | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLSB-DTV and HLSB-UHDTV. |
| MBC Gangwon-yeongdong TV (Gangneung) | MBC Gangwon-yeongdong Broadcasting Corporation | 6 September 1985 | Northern Yeongdong | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLAF-DTV and HLAF-UHDTV. Formerly known as Gangneung MBC, renamed to MBC Gangwon-yeongdong (Gangneung) in 2015. |
| MBC Gangwon-yeongdong TV (Samcheok) | 27 November 1987 | Southern Yeongdong | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLAQ-DTV. Formerly known as Samcheok MBC, renamed to MBC Gangwon-yeongdong (Samcheok) in 2015. | |
| Daejeon MBC TV | Daejeon Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation | 24 April 1971 | Daejeon, Sejong City and Chungnam | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLCQ-DTV and HLCQ-UHDTV. |
| MBC Chungbuk TV (Cheongju) | MBC Chungbuk Broadcasting Corporation | 1 April 1983 | Southern Chungbuk | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLAX-DTV. Formerly known as Cheongju MBC, renamed to MBC Chungbuk (Cheongju) in 2016. |
| MBC Chungbuk TV (Chungju) | 17 November 1987 | Northern Chungbuk | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLAO-DTV. Formerly known as Chungju MBC, renamed to MBC Chungbuk (Chungju) in 2016. | |
| Gwangju MBC TV | Gwangju Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation | 29 August 1970 | Gwangju and Central Northern Jeonnam | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLCN-DTV and HLCN-UHDTV. |
| Mokpo MBC TV | Mokpo Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation | 16 November 1987 | Southwest Jeonnam | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLAM-DTV. |
| Yeosu MBC TV | Yeosu Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation | 21 November 1987 | Eastern Jeonnam | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLAT-DTV. |
| Jeonju MBC TV | Jeonju Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation | 23 April 1971 | Jeonbuk | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLCX-DTV. |
| Daegu MBC TV | Daegu Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation | 18 July 1970 | Daegu, Midwest Southern Gyeongbuk | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLCT-DTV and HLCT-UHDTV. |
| Andong MBC TV | Andong Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation | 23 November 1987 | Northern Gyeongbuk | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLAW-DTV. |
| Pohang MBC TV | Pohang Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation | 24 November 1987 | East Coast Gyeongbuk. | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLAV-DTV. |
| Busan MBC TV | Busan Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation | 24 January 1970 | Busan | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLKU-DTV and HLKU-UHDTV. |
| Ulsan MBC TV | Ulsan Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation | 25 January 1971 | Ulsan | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLAU-DTV and HLAU-UHDTV. |
| MBC Gyeongnam TV (Jinju) | MBC Gyeongnam Broadcasting Corporation | 20 November 1987 | Western Gyeongnam | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLAK-DTV Formerly known as Jinju MBC, renamed to MBC Gyeongnam (Jinju) in 2011. |
| MBC Gyeongnam TV (Changwon) | 5 October 1972 | Eastern Gyeongnam | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLAP-DTV Formerly known as Masan MBC(1971-2010) / Changwon MBC(2010-2011), renamed to MBC Gyeongnam (Changwon) in 2011. | |
| Jeju MBC TV | Jeju Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation | 1 August 1970 | Jeju | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLAU-DTV. Formerly known as Namyang MBC, renamed to Jeju MBC in 1984. |
SBS Networks Channel
[edit]SBS, which was originally established as an independent broadcasting station, was established in 1995 by PSB (Currently, KNN), CJB, TBC, and TJB, and SBS Networks was created around SBS.
Currently, 9 broadcasting stations are affiliated.
| Name | Owner | Launch | Covers | Genre | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SBS TV | SBS Media Holdings | 9 December 1991 | Seoul Capital Area | City news and entertainment | The Channel's callsign is HLSQ-DTV and HLSQ-UHDTV SBS Network Headquarters |
| KNN | Korea New Network | 14 March 1995 | Busan and Gyeongnam | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLDG-DTV and HLDG-UHDTV. Formerly known as PSB Pusan Broadcasting, renamed to KNN in 2006. |
| TBC | Daegu Broadcasting Corporation | 14 March 1995 | Daegu and Gyeongbuk | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLDE-DTV and HLDE-UHDTV. |
| KBC | Kwangju Broadcasting Corporation | 14 March 1995 | Gwangju and Jeonnam | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLDH-DTV and HLDH-UHDTV. |
| TJB | Taejon Broadcasting Corporation | 14 March 1995 | Daejeon, Sejong City and Chungnam | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLDF-DTV and HLDF-UHDTV. |
| UBC | Ulsan Broadcasting Corporation | 1 September 1997 | Ulsan, eastern part of South Gyeongsang | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLDP-DTV and HLDP-UHDTV. |
| JTV | Jeonju Television | 17 September 1997 | North Jeolla | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLDQ-DTV. |
| CJB | Cheongju Broadcasting | 18 October 1997 | North Chungcheong | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLDR-DTV. |
| G1 | Gangwon No.1 Broadcasting | 15 December 2001 | Gangwon | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLCG-DTV and HLCG-UHDTV. |
| JIBS | Jeju International Broadcasting System | 31 May 2002 | Jeju | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLKJ-DTV. |
YTN DMB Network
[edit]Founded in 2005, YTN DMB is a broadcasting station that relays the broadcasting of YTN's channel.
In November 2006, a contract was signed with a local broadcasting station affiliated with the SBS network, and in June 2008, YTN DMB network was created, which began broadcasting to local areas.
All channels belonging to the network can only be viewed on devices that support T-DMB.
| Name | Owner | Launch | Covers | Genre | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mYTN | YTN DMB | 1 December 2005 | Seoul Capital Area | Relays of YTN's channels | The Channel's callsign is HLMA-TDMB. YTN DMB Headquarters |
| HD mYTN | YTN DMB | 1 August 2016 | Seoul Capital Area | Relays of YTN's channels | The Channel's callsign is HLMA-TDMB. High-definition channel of mYTN. |
| KNN DMB ubc u | Korea New Network (Operator) Ulsan Broadcasting Corporation (Scheduling) |
1 June 2008 | Busan, Ulsan and Gyeongnam | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLDG-TDMB. |
| TBC DMB mYTN | Daegu Broadcasting Corporation | 1 June 2008 | Daegu and Gyeongbuk | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLDE-TDMB. |
| KBC JTV-mYTN | Kwangju Broadcasting Corporation (Operator) Jeonju Television (Scheduling) |
1 June 2008 | Gwangju, Jeonnam and Jeonbuk | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLDH-TDMB. |
| TJB u CJB-mYTN | Taejon Broadcasting Corporation (Operator) Cheongju Broadcasting (Scheduling) |
1 June 2008 | Daejeon, Sejong City, Chungnam and Chungbuk | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLDF-TDMB. |
| G1DMB Go G1 | Gangwon No.1 Broadcasting | 1 June 2008 | Gangwon | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLCG-TDMB. |
| JIBS DMB 2 | Jeju International Broadcasting System | 1 June 2008 | Jeju | Local entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLKJ-TDMB. |
After 1990, independent broadcasting stations excluding SBS include iTV Kyung-in Broadcasting (formerly iTV Incheon Broadcasting), which opened in 1997 and closed in 2004, and OBS Gyeongin TV, which opened in 2007.
The viewing area of the two broadcasting stations was the same in Seoul Capital Area, and among them, iTV Kyung-in Broadcasting was broadcast to other regions through Pay television and served as a Superstation.
| Name | Owner | Launch | Covers | Genre | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OBS | Young An Hat Co., Ltd. | 28 December 2007 | Seoul Capital Area | Metropolitan entertainment and news | The Channel's callsign is HLQS-DTV. |
Cable TV networks/channels
[edit]| Name | Launch | Group |
|---|---|---|
| Korea TV | March 1, 1995 | KTV |
| National Assembly TV | May 24, 2004 | NATV |
| Arirang TV | February 3, 1997 | Arirang |
| Animax | April 29, 2006 | JJMediaWorks |
| AXN | March 1, 2016 | KC Global Media |
| B tv | January 12, 2009 | SK Broadband |
| Cartoon Network | November 11, 2006 | Warner Bros. Discovery |
| Cartoonito | November 14, 2015 | Warner Bros. Discovery |
| CATCH ON 1 | 1993 | CJ |
| CATCH ON 2 | 2000 | CJ |
| Channel A | December 1, 2011 | Channel A |
| Channel A Plus | July 1, 2015 | Channel A |
| Channel Now | April 1, 2006 | t.cast |
| Channel S | April 8, 2021 | SK Broadband |
| Channel View | February 1, 2009 | t.cast |
| Ching | May, 2005 | SkyTV |
| Chunghwa TV | September 1, 2009 | CJ |
| cineF | August 1, 2010 | t.cast |
| Comedy TV | October 1, 2000 | iHQ |
| DRAMAcube | August 1, 2011 | t.cast |
| Dramax | July 1, 2002 | iHQ |
| Discovery Channel | September 1, 2020 | Warner Bros. Discovery |
| E Channel | October 1, 2000 | t.cast |
| EBS English | April 6, 2007 | EBS |
| EBS Kids | January 1, 2018 | EBS |
| EBS Plus 1 | March 1, 2002 | EBS |
| EBS Plus 2 | March 1, 2002 | EBS |
| ENA | September 29, 2003 | SkyTV |
| ENA Drama | July 1, 2002 | SkyTV |
| ENA Play | July 3, 2010 | SkyTV |
| ENA Story | April 29, 2022 | SkyTV |
| Fashion N | March, 2009 | t.cast |
| Golf & PBA | 2010 | IB SPORTS |
| HealthMedi TV | December, 2013 | SkyTV |
| History (Korea) | September 22, 2017 | iHQ, A+E |
| IB SPORTS | July 1, 2009 | IB SPORTS |
| iHQ Play | July 2, 2012 | iHQ |
| iHQ Show | July 1, 2012 | iHQ |
| JTBC | December 1, 2011 | JTBC |
| JTBC GOLF | January 7, 2005 | JTBC |
| JTBC GOLF & SPORTS | August 1, 2015 | JTBC |
| JTBC2 | March 1, 1995 | JTBC |
| JTBC4 | April 21, 2018 | JTBC |
| KBS drama | February 2, 2002 | KBS |
| KBS joy | November 1, 2006 | KBS |
| KBS Kids | May 5, 2012 | KBS |
| KBS LIFE | February 27, 2002 | KBS |
| KBS N SPORTS | February 2, 2002 | KBS |
| KBS STORY | April 1, 2021 | KBS |
| Kids Talk Talk Plus | March 31, 2003 | SkyTV |
| Korea Economic TV | August 31, 1999 | The Korea Economic Daily |
| K-STAR | December 1, 1995 | K Holic |
| Lifetime (Korea) | September 22, 2017 | iHQ, A+E |
| Lotte Home Shopping | September 15, 2001 | Lotte Corporation |
| Maeil Business TV | March 1, 2015 | MBN |
| MBC Drama | April 2, 2001 | MBC |
| MBC every1 | January 1, 2003 | MBC |
| MBC M | February 1, 2012 | MBC |
| MBC ON | February 18, 2019 | MBC |
| MBC Sports+ | April 2, 2001 | MBC |
| MBN | December 6, 1994 | MBN |
| MBN Plus | April 27, 2016 | MBN |
| Mnet | March 1, 1995 | CJ |
| MTN | 2008 | Money Today |
| MX | November 1, 2022 | t.cast |
| OCN | March 1, 1995 | CJ |
| OCN Movies | July 12, 2002 | CJ |
| OCN Thrills | July 1, 2001 | CJ |
| OGN | July 24, 2000 | OP.GG |
| OLIFE | September 14, 2020 | SkyTV |
| ONCE | March 16, 2020 | SkyTV |
| ONT | January, 2011 | SkyTV |
| Pinkfong TV | June 16, 2020 | The Pinkfong Company |
| SBS Biz | May 1, 2002 | SBS |
| SBS FiL | October 1, 2019 | SBS |
| SBS FiL UHD | August 1, 2016 | SBS |
| SBS funE | August 16, 2005 | SBS |
| SBS Golf | June 1, 1999 | SBS |
| SBS Golf 2 | April 1, 2023 | SBS |
| SBS M | July 1, 2001 | SBS |
| SBS Plus | September 1, 2000 | SBS |
| SBS Plus UHD | August 1, 2016 | SBS |
| SBS Sports | March 1, 1995 | SBS |
| SCREEN | February 1, 2009 | t.cast |
| SK Shopping | January 6, 2015 | SK Broadband |
| Sky Sports | August 1, 2014 | SkyTV |
| SPOTV | May 1, 2010 | Eclat |
| SPOTV2 | January 1, 2012 | Eclat |
| SPOTV Golf & Health | May 6, 2020 | Eclat |
| STATV | March 16, 2020 | Eclat |
| Tooniverse | December 1, 1995 | CJ |
| TV CHOSUN | December 1, 2011 | CHOSUN |
| TV CHOSUN2 | February 12, 2007 | CHOSUN |
| TV CHOSUN3 | April 1, 2021 | CHOSUN |
| tvN | October 9, 2006 | CJ |
| tvN DRAMA | September 10, 2015 | CJ |
| tvN STORY | June 1, 2000 | CJ |
| tvN SHOW | September 1, 2021 | CJ |
| tvN SPORTS | May 20, 2022 | CJ |
| Yonhap News TV | December 1, 2011 | Yonhap News |
| YTN | March 1, 1995 | YTN |
| YTN2 | March 1, 2021 | YTN |
| YTN Science | November 8, 2010 | YTN |
International channels
[edit]Most viewed channels
[edit]| Position | Channel | Share of total viewing (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | KBS 1TV | 9.1 |
| 2 | MBC TV | 8.8 |
| 3 | SBS TV | 6.0 |
| 4 | KBS Drama | 4.9 |
| 5 | OBS | 4.4 |
| 6 | tvN | 3.9 |
| 7 | MBC Drama | 3.1 |
| 8 | KBS 2TV | 2.8 |
| 9 | KBS News D | 2.7 |
| 10 | Mnet | 1.9 |
| 11 | EBS 1TV | 1.4 |
| 12 | EBS 2TV | 0.9 |
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ "SOUTH KOREA - the Museum of Broadcast Communications". Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
- ^ "A Journey Through Australia's Individual Support Education System" (PDF). withs2.com.
- ^ Color television finally comes to South Korea market -- with a rush, Christian Science Monitor, 17 March 1981
- ^ South Korea Archived 7 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine, The Museum of Broadcast Communications, Retrieved on 21 March 2009
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