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Rorippa

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Rorippa
Rorippa amphibia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Rorippa
Scop.
Species

75–85; see text

Rorippa is a globally distributed genus in the family Brassicaceae, with species occurring on all continents except for Antarctica[1][2][3]. Rorippa species are natively distributed in the Northern Hemisphere through Eurasia and North America, and dispersed into the Southern Hemisphere through long-distance dispersal[3]. Rorippa species are annual to perennial herbs, usually with yellow flowers and a peppery flavour. They are known commonly as yellowcresses.

Description

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As a close relative of Arabidopsis, Rorippa has emerged as a valuable model organism for investigating various biological processes. Researchers have utilized Rorippa to study developmental phenomena such as heterophylly[4][5], weediness[6][7][8], and vegetative regeneration[9][10][11]. For example, heterophylly is the ability of plants to produce different leaf forms in response to contrasting environments, such as aerial or submerged conditions. This may incur anatomical or physiological changes and facilitate adaptation to the amphibious lifestyle in Rorippa[12].

Additionally, Rorippa has been employed to explore stress tolerance mechanisms, including responses to submergence[13][14][15][16][17][12][18], heavy metals[19][20], high-altitudes[21][22], and herbivory (specifically the mustard aphid)[23][24][25]. For example, Rorippa amphibia can escape submergence through elongation[14], while Rorippa sylvestris or Rorippa palustris can photosynthesize underwater and exhibits a hyponastic response (positive growth response to gravity), demonstrating a quiescence strategy (a period of reduced activity during unfavorable conditions)[14][15].

Furthermore, Rorippa has served as a model system for studying biological invasion, with research focusing on evolutionary[26][27], ecological[28][29], and historical aspects[1][30][31][32][33].

Ecology

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Most Rorippa species thrive in moist or wet environments like ditches, meadows, waterfronts, and wetlands[28], highlighting their exceptional tolerance to flooding[13]. This facilitates the dispersal of their seeds or vegetative propagules by floods or wind over short distances. The aquatic or marshy habitats of Rorippa often overlap with those of migratory shorebirds[2], which could potentially carry seeds or fragments over long distances, establishing new populations far from the source. Furthermore, several adaptations, like the mucilage coating or hollows on their seeds, and their ability to self-fertilize and reproduce clonally[1], might also contribute to their long-distance dispersal[3].

Rorippa species are known for colonizing disturbed or wet areas first. They serve as valuable indicators of hydrophytic (water-loving) vegetation types. According to the National Wetland Plant List (NWPL) for the United States, several Rorippa species are classified as wetland indicators, with a high probability of occurring in Obligate (OBL) or Facultative Wetland (FACW) categories. For instance, nearly 55% of the 22 North American Rorippa species are categorized as OBL wetland indicators[28], highlighting their strong association with wet environments. This characteristic makes Rorippa plants a valuable tool for wetland establishment, restoration, and enhancement efforts.

Example

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Rorippa aquatica, a North American lakecress, is a valuable model organism for studying plant development and adaptation. It exhibits striking heterophylly[4][5][18], altering its leaf shape in response to environmental conditions like submergence, temperature, and light. The species is also used to study vegetative propagation as it can regenerate from leaf fragments[10]. Its close phylogenetic relationship to Arabidopsis thaliana and its recently sequenced allotetraploid genome make it a powerful tool for genetic and genomic research[34].

Rorippa elata is a type of plant that has adapted to live in high-altitude mountain environments. It can adjust its traits, like flowering time and chemical defenses, to survive in different conditions[22]. The plant's ability to adapt is also linked to its polyploid nature, which seems to have played a role in its successful colonization of high-altitudes during periods of historical climate change[21].

Rorippa palustris, a short-lived and self-pollinating herb, is a ruderal weed that has expanded into disturbed wetland areas across the world. A key characteristic of R. palustris, and other ruderal plants, is its short life cycle[8][21]. Genetic studies have shown that mutations in the CRY2 gene contribute to this early-flowering trait[6]. These mutations lead to a constitutively active CRY2 protein, which overrides the need for vernalization (a cold period) and allows the plant to flower early, even under short-day conditions.

List of species

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There are about 75[35] to 85[36][37][38] species in the genus. About of 70% of Rorippa are polyploids, and 90% of them are endemic to specific continents[3]. A few of Rorippa species are widely distributed and invasive, including Rorippa amphibia, Rorippa dubia, Rorippa indica, Rorippa palustris, and Rorippa sylvestris. Plants of Rorippa palustris can be found globally, making it one of the most successful weeds in the world.

Species include:[1][30][31][32][33][35][39][40][41][42]

Rorippa sylvestris

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Jonsell, Bengt (1968). Studies in the North-West European species of Rorippa s.str. Uppsala, Sweden: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.
  2. ^ a b Bleeker, W.; Weber-Sparenberg, C.; Hurka, H. (2002). "Chloroplast DNA Variation and Biogeography in the Genus Rorippa Scop. (Brassicaceae)". Plant Biology. 4 (1): 104–111. doi:10.1055/s-2002-20442. ISSN 1438-8677.
  3. ^ a b c d Han, Ting-Shen; Yu, Chih-Chieh; Zheng, Quan-Jing; Kimura, Seisuke; Onstein, Renske E.; Xing, Yao-Wu (2024). "Synergistic polyploidization and long-distance dispersal enable the global diversification of yellowcress herbs". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 33 (3): 458–469. doi:10.1111/geb.13798. ISSN 1466-8238.
  4. ^ a b Nakayama, Hokuto; Kimura, Seisuke (2015-12-02). "Leaves may function as temperature sensors in the heterophylly of Rorippa aquatica (Brassicaceae)". Plant Signaling & Behavior. 10 (12): e1091909. doi:10.1080/15592324.2015.1091909. ISSN 1559-2324. PMC 4854334. PMID 26367499.
  5. ^ a b Nakayama, Hokuto; Nakayama, Naomi; Seiki, Sumer; Kojima, Mikiko; Sakakibara, Hitoshi; Sinha, Neelima; Kimura, Seisuke (December 2014). "Regulation of the KNOX-GA Gene Module Induces Heterophyllic Alteration in North American Lake Cress". The Plant Cell. 26 (12): 4733–4748. doi:10.1105/tpc.114.130229. ISSN 1040-4651. PMC 4311196. PMID 25516600.
  6. ^ a b Li, Ling-Zi; Xu, Zhou-Geng; Chang, Tian-Gen; Wang, Long; Kang, Heng; Zhai, Dong; Zhang, Lu-Yi; Zhang, Peng; Liu, Hongtao; Zhu, Xin-Guang; Wang, Jia-Wei (2023-01-18). "Common evolutionary trajectory of short life-cycle in Brassicaceae ruderal weeds". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 290. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-35966-7. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 9849336. PMID 36653415.
  7. ^ Bärring, Ulf (January 1986). "Rorippa sylvestris: A new troublesome weed in Swedish forest nurseries". Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. 1 (1–4): 265–269. doi:10.1080/02827588609382417. ISSN 0282-7581.
  8. ^ a b Klimešová, Jitka; Sosnová, Monika; Martínková, Jana (2006-07-25). "Life-history variation in the short-lived herb Rorippa palustris: effect of germination date and injury timing". Plant Ecology. 189 (2): 237–246. doi:10.1007/s11258-006-9180-x. ISSN 1385-0237.
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  10. ^ a b Amano, Rumi; Nakayama, Hokuto; Momoi, Risa; Omata, Emi; Gunji, Shizuka; Takebayashi, Yumiko; Kojima, Mikiko; Ikematsu, Shuka; Ikeuchi, Momoko; Iwase, Akira; Sakamoto, Tomoaki; Kasahara, Hiroyuki; Sakakibara, Hitoshi; Ferjani, Ali; Kimura, Seisuke (2019-10-25). "Molecular Basis for Natural Vegetative Propagation via Regeneration in North American Lake Cress, Rorippa aquatica (Brassicaceae)". Plant and Cell Physiology. 61 (2): 353–369. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcz202. ISSN 0032-0781. PMID 31651939.
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  18. ^ a b Ikematsu, Shuka; Umase, Tatsushi; Shiozaki, Mako; Nakayama, Sodai; Noguchi, Fuko; Sakamoto, Tomoaki; Hou, Hongwei; Gohari, Gholamreza; Kimura, Seisuke; Torii, Keiko U. (February 2023). "Rewiring of hormones and light response pathways underlies the inhibition of stomatal development in an amphibious plant Rorippa aquatica underwater". Current Biology. 33 (3): 543–556.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.064. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 36696900.
  19. ^ Sun, Ruilian; Jin, Caixia; Zhou, Qixing (2010-02-02). "Characteristics of cadmium accumulation and tolerance in Rorippa globosa (Turcz.) Thell., a species with some characteristics of cadmium hyperaccumulation". Plant Growth Regulation. 61 (1): 67–74. doi:10.1007/s10725-010-9451-3. ISSN 0167-6903.
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  22. ^ a b Du, Zhi-Qiang; Xing, Yao-Wu; Han, Ting-Shen (2024-05-30). "Effects of environment and genotype-by-environment interaction on phenotype of Rorippa elata (Brassicaceae), an endemic alpine plant in the Hengduan mountains". Journal of Plant Ecology. 17 (4). doi:10.1093/jpe/rtae048. ISSN 1752-993X.
  23. ^ Bandopadhyay, Lekha; Basu, Debabrata; Sikdar, Samir Ranjan (2013-09-09). "Identification of Genes Involved in Wild Crucifer Rorippa indica Resistance Response on Mustard Aphid Lipaphis erysimi Challenge". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e73632. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073632. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3767759. PMID 24040008.
  24. ^ Sarkar, Poulami; Jana, Kuladip; Sikdar, Samir Ranjan (2017-08-02). "Overexpression of biologically safe Rorippa indica defensin enhances aphid tolerance in Brassica juncea". Planta. 246 (5): 1029–1044. doi:10.1007/s00425-017-2750-4. ISSN 0032-0935. PMID 28770337.
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